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protected asset - traduction vers néerlandais
INFORMANTS FOR SPIES
Asset (Intelligence); Intelligence asset
protected asset
beveiligd bezit (waarvan de waarde stijgt bij inflatie)
protected mode
.png?width=200 "An Intel 80386 microprocessor")
OPERATIONAL MODE OF X86-COMPATIBLE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITS
Pmode; Protected Virtual Address Mode; Protected Mode; Protected virtual address mode; Protected-mode; 286 protected mode
beschermde toestand, toestand van de prossecor waarin een aantal toepassingen samen kunnen werken zonder onderlinge tegenwerkingen
assets and liabilities
THE PRACTICE OF MANAGING FINANCIAL RISKS THAT ARISE DUE TO MISMATCHES BETWEEN THE ASSETS AND LIABILITIES AS PART OF AN INVESTMENT STRATEGY IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Asset-liability management; Assets and Liabilities; Liability management; Assets and liabilities; Assets Liabilities; Asset and Liability Management; Asset liability management
activa en passiva {bankrekening}
Définition
protected mode
An operating mode of Intel 80x86 processors. The opposite
of real mode. The Intel 8088, Intel 8086, Intel 80188
and Intel 80186 had only real mode, processors beginning
with the Intel 80286 feature a second mode called protected
mode.
In real mode, addresses are generated by adding an address
offset to the value of a segment register shifted left four
bits. As the segment register and address offset are 16 bits
long this results in a 20-bit address. This is the origin of
the one megabyte (2^20) limit in real mode.
There are 4 segment registers on processors before the {Intel
80386}. The 80386 introduced two more segment registers.
Which segment register is used depends on the instruction, on
the addressing mode and of an optional instruction prefix
which selects the segment register explicitly.
In protected mode, the segment registers contain an index into
a table of segment descriptors. Each segment descriptor
contains the start address of the segment, to which the offset
is added to generate the address. In addition, the segment
descriptor contains memory protection information. This
includes an offset limit and bits for write and read
permission. This allows the processor to prevent memory
accesses to certain data. The operating system can use this
to protect different processes' memory from each other, hence
the name "protected mode".
While the standard register set belongs to the CPU, the
segment registers lie "at the boundary" between the CPU and
MMU. Each time a new value is loaded into a segment register
while in protected mode, the corresponding descriptor is
loaded into a descriptor cache in the (Segment-)MMU. On
processors before the Pentium this takes longer than just
loading the segment register in real mode. Addresses
generated by the CPU (which are segment offsets) are passed to
the MMU to be checked against the limit in the segment
descriptor and are there added to the segment base address in
the descriptor to form a linear address.
On a 80386 or later, the linear address is further processed
by the paged MMU before the result (the physical address)
appears on the chip's address pins. The 80286 doesn't have a
paged MMU so the linear address is output directly as the
physical address.
The paged MMU allows for arbitrary remapping of four klilobyte
memory blocks (pages) through a translation table stored in
memory. A few entries of this table are cached in the MMU's
Translation Lookaside Buffer to avoid excessive memory
accesses.
After processor reset, all processors start in real mode.
Protected mode has to be enabled by software. On the 80286
there exists no documented way back to real mode apart from
resetting the processor. Later processors allow switching
back to real mode by software.
Software which has been written or compiled to run in
protected mode must only use segment register values given to
it by the operating system. Unfortunately, most application
code for MS-DOS, written before the 286, will fail in
protected mode because it assumes real mode addressing and
writes arbitrary values to segment registers, e.g. in order to
perform address calculations.
Such use of segment registers is only really necessary with
data structures that are larger than 64 kilobytes and thus
don't fit into a single segment. This is usually dealt with
by the huge memory model in compilers. In this model,
compilers generate address arithmetic involving segment
registers. A solution which is portable to protected mode
with almost the same efficiency would involve using a table of
segments instead of calculating new segment register values ad
hoc.
To ease the transition to protected mode, Intel 80386 and
later processors provide "virtual 86 mode".
(1995-03-29)
Wikipédia
Asset (intelligence)
In intelligence, assets are persons within organizations or countries being spied upon who provide information for an outside spy. They are sometimes referred to as agents, and in law enforcement parlance, as confidential informants, or "CIs" for short.
There are different categories of assets, including people who:
- Willingly work for a foreign government for ideological reasons such as being against their own government, but live in a country that doesn't allow political opposition. They may elect to work with a foreign power to change their own country because there are few other ways available.
- Work in intergovernmental relations for a different part of their government but relay information to their country's intelligence agency. They often obtain useful information in the course of their other work and are sometimes tasked with seeking it out.
- Work for monetary gain. Intelligence services often pay good wages to people in important positions that are willing to betray secrets.
- Have been blackmailed and are forced into their role.
- Do not even know they are being used (so called "useful idiots"). Assets can be loyal to their country, but may still provide a foreign agent with information through failures in information safety, such as using insecure computers or not following proper OPSEC procedures during day-to-day chatting.
